Conditionals

First Conditional
The first conditional deals with issues that have a real possibility of occurring. This conditional typically deals with future, real world events that are pondered on a daily basis. When people make plans and suggest back up plans, they are utilizing the first conditional.

The first conditional uses the if/then structure and the words will, shall, can or may to convey the future action being considered. The following sentences are examples of the first conditional:

•If it rains this weekend, we won't be able to play tennis.
•If we burn the dinner, we may have to order pizza.
•I'll watch TV if I finish my homework early.
•If it rains tomorrow, I shall go to the movies.

Second Conditional
The second conditional is a bit more tricky. In some ways it is similar to the first conditional. It utilizes the same if/then structure, but instead of using the words will, shall, can, or may, the second conditional uses would. The most significant difference between the second conditional and the first conditional, however, is that the second conditional deals with events that are not real possibilities. In many cases, the events could happen; they are not physical impossibilities. However, they are not tangible events that are certain to impact daily life.

In many respects, the second conditional is what English speakers use when they are dreaming about something or fantasizing about a particular scenario. See the following sentences for examples of the second conditional:

•If I had a million dollars, I would open an animal sanctuary.
•If we lived in Spain, we would enjoy the siestas.
•If I became president, I would give places to live to everyone.

Third Conditional
While the first two conditionals talk about possible future events, the third conditional deals with the past. Specifically, the third conditional talks about events in the past and ponders the effects of those events not happening.

Because we can't go back in time, the third conditional deals with events that have no possibility of happening. The third conditional uses the words would have to convey these impossible events. The following are examples:

•If Bobby Kennedy wasn't assassinated, he would have made a great president.
•If I had bet on the long shot, I would have made a killing.
•If I would have married her when I had the chance, I would have been happy.

Zero Conditional
The zero conditional deals with issues that are always true. They can often be thought of as stating a scientific fact. The following are examples:

•If you don't ever water your plants, they die.
If I see soemone in need, I try to help.
•If it gets below freezing, water turns into ice.
•If you stick your hand in a fire, it will burn.
Adapted from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/esl/Teaching-Conditionals-for-ESL.html

Conditionals

Our first experience as teachers

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Compound words

Compound words

Some one
Any body
No thing
every where



1. In general, we use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences and questions, but not always.
· In offers and requests we usually use some.
Would you like something to eat?
Can I have something to drink?
· We use some when we expect the answer “yes”
Is there somebody I can speak to?
Can we go somewhere quiet?

2. We generally use any after if:
If you need anything, just ask.

3. Any has another meaning. It can mean it doesn’t matter who/where/what…
Come and see me anytime you want. I don´t mind.
Help yourself to food. You can have anything you want.
Anyone will tell you that two and two is four.

Practicing modal verbs

http://www.oup.com/elt/global/products/headway/intermediate/

Activity modal verbs

Intermediate Level
Can, Could, May and Might
Use one of the modal verbs in brackets to fill each gap.
1 They (can/might)________________ be away for the weekend but I'm not sure.
2 You (may/might)________________ leave now if you wish.
3 (Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please?
4 He (can/could)________________ be from Sheffield, judging by his accent.
5 (May/Can)________________ you swim?
6 Listen, please. You (may not/might not)________________ speak during this exam.
7 They (can't/may not)________________ still be out!
8 You (couldn't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
9 With luck, tomorrow (can/could)________________ be a cooler day.
10 You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm going back to check the times.

Modal verbs
All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they can also serve as ordinary verbs in a given sentence.
The modal verbs are:-
CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD

The uses of the modal verb can:
They can control their own budgets…………………… Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it. …………………… Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here? …………………… Asking for permission
Can you help me?...........Request

The uses of could:
Could I borrow your dictionary? …Asking for permission
Could you say it again more slowly? ……Request
We could try to fix it ourselves. ……Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War……Future possibility
She could play the piano when she was two…Ability in the past

The uses of May
May I have another cup of coffee? ……… Asking for permission
China may become a major economic power… Future possibility

The uses of Might
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. … Present possibility
They might give us a 10% discount…future possibility
The uses of Must
We must say good-bye now. ..necessity/ obligation

They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary…prohibition

The uses of Ought to
We ought to employ a professional writer…saying what’s right or correct.

The uses of Shall
(More common in the UK than the US)
Shall I help you with your luggage? …Offer
Shall we say 2.30 then? …suggestion
Shall I do that or will you?.....Asking what to do

The uses of Should
We should sort out this problem at once. ….saying what’s right or correct
I think we should check everything again. …..recommending action
Profits should increase next year…uncertain prediction


The uses of Will
I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. ..Instant decision
I'll do that for you if you like. …offer
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. ..Promise
Profits will increase next year….Certain prediction

The uses of Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? ..asking for permission
Would you pass the salt please? …..request
Would you mind waiting a moment? ….request
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." …Making arrangement
Would you like to play golf this Friday? …invitation
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."….Preferences

Passive voice

Past tenses

Past tenses

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past perfect